Mortalidade materna em Goiás durante a pandemia da COVID-19 / Maternal mortality in Goiás during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2021

A mortalidade materna tem sido um problema de saúde pública significativo e persistente no Brasil e a situação foi exarcebada pela pandemia COVID-19. Morte materna é aquela que ocorre durante a gestação ou dentro de um período de 42 dias após o seu término. O indicador utlizado para mensurar a mortalidade materna é a Razão de Mortalidade Materna (RMM). Os dados foram coletados pelos investigadores dos municípios de residência das gestantes, puérperas ou mulheres em idade fértil, conforme critérios do Guia de Vigilância Epidemiológica do Óbito Materno do Ministério da Saúde, que norteia as investigações desses óbitos, utilizando os instrumentos de coleta padronizados

Maternal mortality has been a significant and persistent public health problem in Brazil and the situation has been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Maternal death is one that occurs during pregnancy or within a period of 42 days after its end. The indicator used to measure maternal mortality is the Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR). The data were collected by researchers from the municipalities where pregnant women, postpartum women or women of childbearing age reside, in accordance with the criteria of the Maternal Death Epidemiological Surveillance Guide of the Ministry of Health, which guides the investigations of these deaths, using standardized and forwarded collection instruments.

Mortalidade materna na adolescência e juventude: tendência temporal e correlação com cobertura pré-natal na Bahia, 2000-2020 / Maternal mortality in adolescents and young adults: temporal trend and correlation with prenatal care coverage in the state of Bahia, Brazil, 2000-2020 / Mortalidade materna na adolescência e juventude: tendência temporal e correlação com cobertura pré-natal na Bahia, 2000-2020

Objetivo: analisar a tendência temporal da mortalidade materna e correlacioná-la com a cobertura pré-natal entre adolescentes e adultas jovens, Bahia, Brasil, 2000-2020. Métodos: estudo ecológico de série temporal e correlação entre óbitos maternos e consulta de pré-natal aos 10-19 e 20-24 anos, utilizando-se o Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade; a tendência foi analisada pela regressão de Prais-Winsten, segundo raça/cor da pele, causas e momento do óbito; para a correlação, utilizou-se o coeficiente de Spearman. Resultados: no período, foram registrados 418 óbitos de adolescentes e 574 de adultas jovens; razão de mortalidade materna de 59,7 e 63,2 óbitos/100 mil nascidos vivos, com tendência decrescente significante (-2,2% e -2,9% respectivamente); observou-se correlação inversa entre maior número de consultas e mortalidade materna, nos grupos etários. Conclusão: a mortalidade materna apresentou tendência de redução no período, porém com altas proporções de óbito; houve correlação significante entre cobertura pré-natal e mortalidade materna, entre adolescentes e adultas jovens.

Objective: to analyze the temporal trend of maternal mortality and correlate it with prenatal care coverage among adolescents and young adults, state of Bahia, Brazil, 2000-2020. Methods: this was an ecological time-series study and correlation between maternal deaths and prenatal care visits in 10-19 and 20-24 age groups, using the Mortality Information System; the trend analysis was performed by means of Prais-Winsten regression, according to race/skin color, timing and causes of death; and Spearman coefficient was used for correlation. Results: in the study period, 418 deaths among adolescents and 574 among young adults were recorded; maternal mortality ratio was 59.7 and 63.2 deaths/100,000 live births, with a significant decreasing trend (-2.2% and -2.9% respectively); it could be seen an inverse correlation between a higher number of prenatal care visits and maternal mortality in the age groups. Conclusion: maternal mortality showed a decreasing trend in the study period, but with high proportions of death; there was a significant correlation between prenatal care coverage and maternal mortality among adolescents and young adults.

Objetivo: analizar la tendencia temporal de la mortalidad materna y correlacionarla con la cobertura prenatal, entre adolescentes y adultas jóvenes, en el estado de Bahía, período 2000-2020. Métodos: estudio ecológico de series temporales y correlación entre muertes maternas y atención prenatal, en grupos de edad de 10-19 y 20-24, utilizando el Sistema de Información de Mortalidad. Analizó la tendencia mediante regresión de Prais-Winsten, según raza/color de piel, causas y hora de muerte; para correlación, el coeficiente de Spearman. Resultados: en el período se registraron 418 muertes de adolescentes y 574 de adultas jóvenes; razón de mortalidad materna de 59,7 y 63,2 muertes/100.000 nacidos vivos, con importante tendencia a la baja (-2,2%; -2,9%, respectivamente). Se observó correlación inversa entre el mayor número de consultas y la mortalidad materna en grupos. Conclusión: la mortalidad materna mostró tendencia descendente en el período, pero con altas proporciones de muertes. Hubo una correlación significativa entre la cobertura prenatal y la mortalidad materna, adolescente y adulta joven.

Tendência da mortalidade materna (2022-2030): uma análise baseada em séries temporais / Maternal mortality trend (2022-2030): an analysis based on time series

A morte materna é definida como aquela que ocorre, por qualquer causa na gravidez, parto ou puerpério (até 42 dias após o parto), ou até 1 ano, por causas obstétricas. A maioria destes óbitos poderiam ser evitadas com estratégias de cuidado voltadas para as principais causas de óbitos. Sendo assim, este Relatório de Tendência de Indicadores Estratégicos analisa a série histórica de RMM (Razão da Mortalidade Materna) com a finalidade de traçar sua tendência até 2030 para o nível estadual, identificar os principais grupos de morbidades que provocam os óbitos maternos na série histórica 2011-2021 e avaliar o impacto dos óbitos que tiveram a COVID-19 como informação da causa da morte entre os óbitos ocorridos nos anos de 2020 e 2021

Maternal death is defined as that which occurs, from any cause during pregnancy, childbirth or the postpartum period (up to 42 days after birth), or up to 1 year, due to obstetric causes. The majority of these deaths could be avoided with care strategies aimed at the main causes of death. Therefore, this Strategic Indicator Trend Report analyzes the historical series of MMR (Maternal Mortality Ratio) with the purpose of tracing its trend until 2030 at the state level; identify the main groups of morbidities that cause maternal deaths in the 2011-2021 historical series and assess the impact of deaths caused by COVID-19 as information on the cause of death among deaths occurring in the years 2020 and 2021

Redução da mortalidade materna: expectativa de novas estratégias / Reduction of maternal mortality - expectation of new strategies

A morte materna é aquela que acontece em qualquer mulher em estado gravídico, parturiente ou em período puerperal até 42 dias após o parto por qualquer causa de óbito, exceto causas acidentais ou incidentais, ou por causas obstétricas diretas e indiretas ocorrida até 364 dias após o fim da gestação (BROWN , 2022). Em 2019, a taxa de mortalidade materna (TMM) em Goiás foi de 69,7 por 100 mil nascidos vivos (BRASIL, 2021), estando no limiar da meta estabelecida pela Organização Mundial de Saúde no Objetivo de Desenvolvimento Sustentável 3.1, que é de 70 óbitos por 100 mil nascidos vivos (OMS, 2022). No entanto, a frequência absoluta de óbitos maternos no ano de 2021 teve um incremento de 83,5% em relação ao ano de 2019, tornando-se uma preocupação de saúde pública (SECRETARIA DE VIGILÂNCIA EM SAÚDE, 2022)

Maternal death is one that occurs in any pregnant, parturient or puerperal woman up to 42 days after delivery from any cause of death, except accidental or incidental causes, or from direct and indirect obstetric causes occurring up to 364 days after the birth. end of pregnancy (BROWN , 2022). In 2019, the maternal mortality rate (MMR) in Goiás was 69.7 per 100,000 live births (BRAZIL, 2021), being on the threshold of the goal established by the World Health Organization in the Objective of Sustainable Development 3.1, which is 70 deaths per 100,000 live births (WHO, 2022). However, the absolute frequency of maternal deaths in 2021 increased by 83.5% compared to 2019, making it a public health concern (SECRETARIA DE SURVEILLANCE IN HEALTH, 2022)

Programa Mais Médicos e a atenção ao pré-natal: desfechos obstétricos em três regiões baianas entre 2010 e 2019 / Mais Médicos Program and prenatal care: obstetric outcomes in three bahian regions between 2010-2019 / El Programa Más Médicos y la atención prenatal: resultados obstétricos en tres regiones de bahía entre 2010 y 2019

No Brasil, múltiplas políticas foram desenvolvidas para atender às demandas da saúde materno-infantil. Em 1983, sob pressão do movimento feminista, iniciou-se um programa voltado para a atenção à saúde da mulher "em sua totalidade" ­ o Programa de Assistência Integral à Saúde da Mulher (PAISM). Embora a Constituição Cidadã de 1988 afirme, no artigo 186 dos direitos sociais, que a saúde é um bem universal, essa premissa de fato nunca foi alcançável em todo território brasileiro, apesar de toda a formulação de políticas e estratégias, como o Programa Saúde da Família. Assim, o Programa Mais Médicos pelo Brasil (PMMB) foi estruturado em 2013 na expectativa de fortalecer a Estratégia Saúde da Família, garantindo o acesso universal ao Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) por meio da Atenção Primária. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o efeito desse programa em nosso país. No Brasil, a razão da mortalidade materna (RMM) passou de aproximadamente 140, em 1990, para 57 óbitos maternos por cem mil nascidos vivos (NV) em 2019. Na Bahia, em 2019, foi registrada uma RMM de 51,2. Em 2020, esse índice alcançou o valor de 81,1. Apesar dos avanços significativos, esses resultados estão ainda distantes da meta dos objetivos de desenvolvimento do milênio (ODM), que foi definida em 35,8 em 2015. Os resultados também demonstram a existência de dificuldades para atingir a meta dos objetivos de desenvolvimento sustentável (ODS), ou seja, trinta por cem mil NV até 2030, conforme o que foi demonstrado na análise dos dados discutidos neste artigo.

In Brazil, multiple policies have been developed to meet the demands of maternal and child health. In 1983, pressured by feminist movement, the country implemented a program to focus on women's health 'in its entirety' ­ the Comprehensive Women's Health Care Program (PAISM). Although the 1988 Citizen Constitution states, in its Article 186, that health is a universal good, this premise has never in fact been achievable throughout Brazil, despite all the policies and strategies developed, such as the Family Health Strategy. As such, the More Doctors Program for Brazil (PMMB) was structured in 2013 to strengthen the Family Health Strategy, ensuring universal access to the Unified Health System (SUS) through Primary Care. Given this context, this study sought to investigate the effect this program had in the country. In Brazil, the maternal mortality ratio (MMR) went from approximately 140 in 1990 to 57 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births (LB) in 2019. In 2019, Bahia recorded an MMR of 51.2. In 2020, this index reached the value of 81.1. Despite significant advances, these findings are still far from the millennium development goals (MDGs) target, which was set at 35.8 in 2015. The results point to difficulties in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) target, that is, 30 per 100,000 LB by 2030.

En Brasil, se han desarrollado múltiples políticas para atender las demandas de salud materno-infantil. En 1983, bajo la presión del movimiento feminista, se inició un programa orientado hacia la salud de la mujer "en su totalidad", el Programa de Acción Integral a la Salud de la Mujer (PAISM). A pesar de que la Constitución de 1988 de Brasil dispone en su artículo 186 sobre los derechos sociales que la salud es un bien universal, esa premisa, de hecho, nunca fue alcanzable en todo el territorio brasileño, incluso con la formulación de políticas y estrategias, como el Programa de Salud Familiar. Así, el Programa Más Médicos para Brasil (PMMB) se estructuró en 2013 con la expectativa de fortalecer la Estrategia de Salud Familiar, garantizando el acceso universal al Sistema Único de Salud (SUS) a través de la Atención Primaria. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de este programa en el país. En Brasil, la razón de mortalidad materna (RMM) aumentó de aproximadamente 140 en 1990 para 57 muertes maternas por 100.000 nacidos vivos (NV) en 2019. En Bahía, en 2019 se registró una RMM de 51,2. En 2020 este índice alcanzó el valor de 81,1. A pesar de los avances significativos, estos resultados todavía están lejos de la meta de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio (ODM), que se fijó en 35,8 en 2015. Los resultados también demuestran las dificultades que existen para alcanzar la meta de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS), es decir, de 30 por 100.000 NV para 2030, como lo demuestra el análisis en este artículo.

Análise temporal da letalidade materna hospitalar no pós-parto segundo risco gestacional e via de parto, nas regiões do Brasil, 2010-2019 / Análisis temporal de letalidad materna hospitalaria en el posparto según riesgo gestacional y vía de parto en las regiones de Brasil, 2010-2019 / Time series analysis of in-hospital maternal case fatality ratio in the postpartum period according to pregnancy risks and route of delivery in the regions of Brazil, 2010-2019

Objetivo: analisar a letalidade materna hospitalar pós-parto segundo risco gestacional e via de parto, no Sistema Único de Saúde, Brasil e macrorregiões, 2010-2019. Métodos: estudo ecológico de série temporal, com dados do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares; a letalidade materna hospitalar pós-parto considerou internações maternas com desfecho "óbito" sobre o total de internações/ano, segundo risco gestacional e via de parto, nas regiões. Resultados: houve 19.158.167 internações para parto e 5.110 óbitos no período analisado; a letalidade materna subiu de 1,1 (2010) para 1,9 óbito/10 mil internações (2019), em gestações de risco habitual após partos vaginais, e reduziu-se de 10,5 (2010) para 7,0 óbitos/10 mil internações (2019) em gestações de alto risco após cesarianas; o Centro-Oeste expressou a maior e o Sul a menor letalidade para gestações de alto risco. Conclusão: a letalidade hospitalar foi maior em gestações de alto risco, com diferenças segundo via de parto e regiões.

Objetivo: analizar la letalidad materna hospitalaria posparto según riesgo gestacional y modalidad de parto por el Sistema Único de Salud en Brasil y regiones entre 2010-2019. Métodos: estudio de serie temporal ecológico con datos del Sistema de Información Hospitalario; la letalidad materna hospitalaria posparto consideró las hospitalizaciones maternas con resultado de óbito, por el total de hospitalizaciones por año. Resultados: hubo 19.158.167 admisiones por parto y 5.110 óbitos en el período; la letalidad materna aumentó de 1,10 (2010) a 1,9 muerte/10.000 (2019) en embarazos de riesgo habitual posparto vaginal y disminuyó de 10,5 a 7,0 muertes/10.000 en embarazos de alto riesgo después de cesáreas; el Centro-Oeste expresó la letalidad más alta y el Sur la más baja para embarazos de alto riesgo. Conclusión: la letalidad hospitalaria fue mayor en los embarazos de alto riesgo, con diferencias según el modo de parto y las regiones de Brasil.

Objective: to analyze in-hospital maternal case fatality ratio in the postpartum period according to pregnancy risks and route of delivery, within the Brazilian National Health System, Brazil and macro-regions, 2010-2019. Methods: this was an ecological time-series study, using data from the Hospital Information System; in-hospital maternal case fatality ratio in the postpartum period took into consideration maternal hospitalizations with outcome 'death' over the total number of hospitalizations per year, according to pregnancy risks and route of delivery, in the regions. Results: there were 19,158,167 hospitalizations for childbirth and 5,110 deaths in the period analyzed; maternal case fatality ratio increased from 1.1 (2010) to 1.9 death/10,000 hospitalizations (2019), in usual-risk pregnancies after vaginal deliveries, and decreased from 10.5 (2010) to 7.0 deaths/10,000 hospitalizations (2019) in high-risk pregnancies after cesarean sections; the Midwest region presented the highest and the South region the lowest case fatality ratio for high-risk pregnancies. Conclusion: in-hospital case fatality ratio was higher for high-risk pregnancies, showing differences according to route of delivery and regions.

Identifying maternal deaths with the use of hospital data versus death certificates: a retrospective population-based study.

BACKGROUND: Accurate identification of maternal deaths is paramount for audit and policy purposes. Our aim was to determine the accuracy and completeness of data on maternal deaths in hospital and those recorded on a death certificate, and the level of agreement between the 2 data sources. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective population-based study using data for Ontario, Canada, from Apr. 1, 2002, to Dec. 31, 2015. We used Canadian Institute for Health Information (CIHI) databases to identify deaths during inpatient, emergency department and same-day surgery encounters. We captured Vital Statistics deaths in the Office of the Registrar General, Deaths (ORGD) data set. Deaths were considered within 42 days and within 365 days after a pregnancy outcome (live birth, miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy or induced abortion) for all multiple and singleton pregnancies. We calculated agreement statistics and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: Among 1 679 455 live births and stillbirths, 398 pregnancy-related deaths in the ORGD data set were mapped to a birth in CIHI databases, and 77 (16.2%) were not. Among 2 039 849 recognized pregnancies, 534 pregnancy-related deaths in the ORGD data set were linked to CIHI records, and 68 (11.3%) were not. Among live births and stillbirths, after pregnancy-related deaths in the ORGD data set not matched to a maternal death in the CIHI databases were removed, concordance measures between CIHI and ORGD records for maternal death within 42 days after delivery included a κ value of 0.87 (95% CI 0.82-0.91) and positive percent agreement of 0.88 (95% CI 0.83-0.94). The corresponding measures were similar for maternal death within 42 days after the end of a recognized pregnancy. When unlinked pregnancy-related deaths in the ORGD data set were retained, agreement measures declined for death within 42 days after a live birth or stillbirth (κ = 0.68, 95% CI 0.62-0.74). For maternal death within 365 days after a live birth or stillbirth, or after the end of a recognized pregnancy, the concordance statistics were generally favourable when unlinked pregnancy-related deaths in the ORGD data set were removed but were substantially declined when they were retained. INTERPRETATION: Maternal mortality cannot be ascertained solely with the use of hospital data, including beyond 42 days after the end of pregnancy. To improve linkage, we propose including health insurance numbers on provincial and territorial medical death certificates.

History of maternal mortality in the city of ribeirão preto, in its regional health department, and in the state of são paulo after the establishment of the maternal committees from 1998 to 2017 / Recorte histórico da mortalidade materna no município de Ribeirão Preto, no seu Departamento Regional de Saúde, e no estado de São Paulo após a instituição dos comitês de mortalidade materna de 1998 a 2017

Abstract Objective To describe the evolution of maternal mortality right after the establishment of maternal death committees in the region of the city of Ribeirão Preto, state of São Paulo, Brazil. Methods The present study describes the spatial and temporal distribution of maternal mortality frequencies and rates, using data from the state of São Paulo, the municipality of Ribeirão Preto, and its Regional Health Department (DRS-XIII) from 1998 to 2017. The present ecological study considered the maternal mortality and live birth frequencies made available by the Computer Science Department of the Brazilian Unified Health System (Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde, DATASUS, in the Portuguese acronym)/Ministry of Health, which were grouped by year and political-administrative division (the state of São Paulo, the DRS-XIII, and the city of Ribeirão Preto). The maternal mortality rate (MMR) was calculated and presented through descriptive measures, graphs, and cartograms. Results The overall MMR observed for the city of Ribeirão Preto was of 39.1; for the DRS-XIII, it was of of 40.4; and for the state of São Paulo, it was of 43.8 for every 100 thousand live birhts. During this period, the MMR for the city of Ribeirão Preto ranged from 0% to 80% of the total maternal mortalities, and from 40.7% to 47.2% of live births in the DRS-XIII. The city of Ribeirao Preto had an MMR of 76.5 in 1998and 1999, which decreased progressively to 12.1 until the years of 2012 and 2013, and increased to 54.3 for every 100 thousand live births over the past 4 years. The state of São Paulo State had an MMR of 54.0 in 1998-1999, which varied throughout the study period, with values pregnancy of 48.0 in 2008-2009, and 54.1 for every 100 thousand live births in 2016-2017. Several times before 2015, the city of Ribeirão Preto and the DRS-XIII reached the Millennium Goals. Recently, however, the MMR increased, which can be explained by the improvement in the surveillance of maternal mortality. Conclusion The present study describes a sharp decline in maternal death in the region of Ribeirão Preto by the end of 2012-2013, and a subsequent and distressing increase in recent years that needs to be fully faced.

Resumo Objetivo Descrever a evolução da mortalidade materna após a instituição dos comitês de morte materna na região de Ribeirão Preto. Métodos Este estudo descreveu a distribuição espacial e temporal das frequências e da razão demortalidadematerna, utilizando dados do estado de São Paulo, do Departamento Regional de Saúde de Ribeirão Preto (DRS-XIII), e domunicípio de Ribeirão Preto, no período de 1998 a 2017. O estudo ecológico considerou frequências de mortes maternas e de nascidos vivos disponibilizadas pelo Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde (DATASUS)/Ministério da Saúde, que foramagrupadas por ano e pela referida divisão político-administrativa. A taxa de mortalidade materna (TMM) foi calculada e apresentada por medidas descritivas, gráficos e cartogramas. Resultados O total observado para o município de Ribeirão Preto foi uma TMM de 39,1; para o DRS-XIII, TMM de 40,4; e, para o estado de São Paulo, uma TMM de 43,8 por 100 mil habitantes. No período do estudo, a RMM do município de Ribeirão Preto variou de 0% até 80,0% do total de mortes maternas, e de 40,7% a 47,2% dos nascidos vivos no DRS-XIII. O município de Ribeirão Preto apresentou TMM de 76,5 no biênio 1998-1999, que progressivamente diminuiu para 12,1 em 2012-2013, e aumentou para 54,3 por 100mil habitantes nos últimos 4 anos. O estado de São Paulo apresentou TMM de 54,0 em 1998-1999, tendo variado ao longo do período com valores de 48,0 no período 2008-2009, e 54,1 no período 2016-2017. Várias vezes antes de 2015, o município de Ribeirão Preto e o DRS-XIII atingiramas Metas domilênio. Recentemente, porém, a TMM aumentou, o que pode ser explicado pela melhoria da vigilância da mortalidade materna. Conclusão O estudo descreveu um acentuado declínio da morte materna na região de Ribeirão Preto até o final do biênio 2012-2013, e um subsequente e aflitivo aumento em anos recentes, que precisa ser enfrentado.

Timing of mortality in mothers with recurrent convictions for driving under the influence of alcohol and their children, from childbirth to child age 17.

BACKGROUND: We tested variation in the timing of child and maternal mortality associated with severe maternal AUD, as represented by recurrent arrests for driving under the influence of alcohol (rDUI). METHODS: rDUI mothers (N = 1614) and Controls with no alcohol-related driving offenses (N = 109,928) who gave birth in Missouri from 2000 to 2004 were identified using vital records. Propensity score matching adjusted for birth record measures including delayed prenatal care, smoking during pregnancy, relationship with reproductive partner [married/unmarried, paternity acknowledged/unacknowledged], partner DUI status from driving records, and for socioeconomic characteristics of maternal residential census tract at birth derived from census data. Survival analysis was used to test months from childbirth to child or maternal death as a function of lifetime rDUI status. RESULTS: Maternal rDUIs were associated with a consistently elevated probability of child mortality from birth through child age 17 after propensity score-adjustment (Hazard Ratio [HR] = 1.70, 95 % CI = 1.17-2.47). Maternal mortality was not elevated, relative to Controls, until child age 6-11 (HR = 1.58, 95 % CI = 1.05-2.35) and increased again from child age 12-17 (HR = 4.12, 95 % CI = 3.04-5.86). CONCLUSIONS: Severe maternal AUD, as characterized by rDUI, increases the risk for child mortality over that of Controls through age 17. Delays in rDUI maternal mortality until child age 6 may indicate a period when maternal referral for intervention to reduce harm to child and mother is likely to be especially effective.

Systematic review of observational studies of the impact of cardiovascular risk factors on preeclampsia in sub-saharan Africa.

BACKGROUND: Maternal mortality is a public health issue, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is the region most affected worldwide by maternal mortality, and preeclampsia is one of the main causes. We performed a systematic review of observational studies to identify the impact of cardiovascular risk factors on preeclampsia in SSA with a more representative sample. METHODS: Databases: PubMed and Google Scholar were searched to identify published studies. Studies were included if they reported results on the link between at least one cardiovascular risk factor and preeclampsia. Relevant studies quality was assessed with the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). Odds ratios and relative risk (RR) were reported with their confidence intervals. RESULTS: Twelve articles (8 case-controls, 3 cohorts, 1 cross-sectional) were included in this review, with a total of 24,369 pregnant women. Cardiovascular risk factors such as chronic hypertension, overweight, obesity, diabetes and alcohol were significantly associated with a high risk of preeclampsia. Very few data were available concerning some risk factors. None of the articles reported tobacco consumption as a preeclampsia risk factor. There is a lack of data from French-speaking SSA countries. CONCLUSION: Cardiovascular risk factors increase the risk of preeclampsia. Our results suggest the need for prospective cohort studies to ascertain this association in order to reduce maternal mortality due to preeclampsia.

Madres ausentes: La voz de los profesionales de salud ante las muertes maternas del departamento de Córdoba -Colombia / Absent mothers: The voice of health professionals in the face of maternal deaths in the department of Córdoba, Colombia

Resumen La mayoría de las muertes maternas son evitables, aun si se cuentan con recursos limitados, ya que, cuando una madre muere, no solo deja a sus hijos huérfanos, sino que los obliga a enfrentar enormes riesgos, como: el desamparo, el abandono, el maltrato e, incluso, poner en peligro su propia supervivencia. El objetivo de estudio fue comprender los elementos que subyacen en las muertes maternas durante el trienio 2016-2018, desde la voz de los profesionales de salud que participan en las Unidades de Análisis de Mortalidad Materna del departamento de Córdoba (Colombia). La presente investigación se enmarca en el paradigma interpretativo y corresponde a un estudio descriptivo cualitativo, de diseño narrativo; desarrollado a partir de la técnica de análisis de contenido, propuesto por Bardin. La muestra de estudio estuvo compuesta por la saturación teórica de los datos y la recolección de la información, se realizó a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas realizadas a profesionales del sector salud del sector público y del sector privado. Esta investigación fue aprobada por el comité de ética de la Facultad Ciencias de la Salud de la Universidad de Córdoba. Emergieron tres categorías de análisis, la primera corresponde a mujer y contexto, en ella destacan los siguientes factores: violencia de género, la cultura, la falta de autonomía de la mujer para buscar atención en salud y la desconfianza en los servicios sanitarios; la segunda categoría, hace referencia a las barreras geográficas y económicas de las mujeres para el acceso seguro y oportuno a los servicios de salud materno-infantil; y la tercera, enuncia algunas reflexiones en torno a la prevención de la mortalidad materna. Este estudio identificó tres factores subyacentes en la mortalidad materna en la región cordobesa: las características demográficas de la mujer; el contexto social y la atención que reciben las mujeres en los servicios de salud; los factores que ayudan a perpetuar el ciclo de madres ausentes.

Abstract Most maternal deaths are preventable, even with limited resources; when a mother dies, she not only leaves her children orphaned, but forces them to face enormous risks, including homelessness, abandonment, abuse, and even jeopardizing their own survival. Objective of study: to understand the elements underlying maternal deaths during the 2016-2018 triennium, from the voice of health professionals participating in the Maternal Mortality Analysis Units in the department of Córdoba (Colombia). The present research is framed within the interpretative paradigm and corresponds to a qualitative descriptive study, with a narrative design; developed from the technique of content analysis, proposed by Bardin; the study sample was due to the theoretical saturation of the data and the collection of information was done through semi-structured interviews with health sector professionals from the public and private sectors. This research was approved by the ethics committee of the Faculty of Health Sciences of the University of Córdoba. Three categories emerged from the analysis: women and context; which highlight the following factors: gender violence, culture, women's lack of autonomy in seeking health care, and distrust of health services; the second category, which refers to women's geographical and economic barriers to safe and timely access to maternal and child health services; and the third category, which sets forth some reflections on the prevention of maternal mortality. This study identified three underlying factors in maternal mortality in the Córdoba region: the demographic characteristics of women; the social context and care that women receive in health services; factors that help perpetuate the cycle of absent mothers.

Resumo A maioria das mortes maternas é evitável, mesmo com recursos limitados; quando uma mãe morre, ela não só deixa seus filhos órfãos, mas os força a enfrentar enormes riscos, como a falta de moradia, o abandono, o abuso e até mesmo a pôr em risco sua própria sobrevivência. Objetivo do estudo: compreender os elementos subjacentes às mortes maternas durante o triênio 2016-2018, a partir da voz dos profissionais de saúde participantes das Unidades de Análise da Mortalidade Materna do departamento de Córdoba (Colômbia). A presente pesquisa está enquadrada dentro do paradigma interpretativo e corresponde a um estudo descritivo qualitativo, com desenho narrativo; desenvolvido a partir da técnica de análise de conteúdo, proposta por Bardin; a amostra do estudo se deveu à saturação teórica dos dados e a coleta de informações foi feita através de entrevistas semi-estruturadas com profissionais do setor de saúde dos setores público e privado. Esta pesquisa foi aprovada pelo comitê de ética da Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade de Córdoba. Da análise emergiram três categorias: mulheres e contexto; que destacam os seguintes fatores: violência de gênero, cultura, falta de autonomia das mulheres na busca de cuidados de saúde e desconfiança nos serviços de saúde; a segunda categoria, que se refere às barreiras geográficas e econômicas das mulheres a serviços de saúde materna e infantil seguros e oportunos; e a terceira categoria, que apresenta algumas reflexões sobre a prevenção da mortalidade materna. Este estudo identificou três fatores subjacentes à mortalidade materna na região de Córdoba: as características demográficas das mulheres; o contexto social e o cuidado que as mulheres recebem nos serviços de saúde; fatores que ajudam a perpetuar o ciclo de ausência das mães.

Maternal safety: recent advances and implications for the obstetric anesthesiologist.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Recognition of the increasing maternal mortality rate in the United States has been accompanied by intense efforts to improve maternal safety. This article reviews recent advances in maternal safety, highlighting those of particular relevance to anesthesiologists. RECENT FINDINGS: Cardiovascular and other chronic medical conditions contribute to an increasing number of maternal deaths. Anesthetic complications associated with general anesthesia are decreasing, but complications associated with neuraxial techniques persist. Obstetric early warning systems are evolving and hold promise in identifying women at risk for adverse intrapartum events. Postpartum hemorrhage rates are rising, and rigorous evaluation of existing protocols may reveal unrecognized deficiencies. Development of regionalized centers for high-risk maternity care is a promising strategy to match women at risk for adverse events with appropriate resources. Opioids are a growing threat to maternal safety. There is growing evidence for racial inequities and health disparities in maternal morbidity and mortality. SUMMARY: Anesthesiologists play an essential role in ensuring maternal safety. While continued intrapartum vigilance is appropriate, addressing the full spectrum of contributors to maternal mortality, including those with larger roles beyond the immediate peripartum time period, will be essential to ongoing efforts to improve maternal safety.

Maternal health care in India: A reflection of 10 years of National Health Mission on the Indian maternal health scenario.

OBJECTIVE: Maternal healthcare coverage is the outcome of health service availability and utilization, and includes antenatal care (ANC), care at delivery, and postnatal care. This study examines the contribution of India's National Health Mission (NHM) to maternal health through a pre-post comparison of rates of delivery at a healthcare institution and use of ANC along with inequalities in the determinants of one of the major maternal health outcomes-at least four ANC visits. METHODS: Data came from the Indian National Family Health Surveys conducted between 1992-93 and 2015-16. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) associated with the predictors of at least four ANC visits. RESULTS: Institutional delivery increased by 12.6 percentage points between 1992-93 and 2005-06 (the pre-NRHM era), and thereafter interventions through the National Rural Health Mission/NHM contributed to a significant increase of 40.2 percentage points from 2005-06 to 2015-16. However, both inter- and intra-state disparities persist even now. Overall, the proportion of pregnant women who have at least four ANC visits is as low as 51.2 percent. The likelihood of having at least four ANC visits is almost four times higher for women in the richest households compared with those in the poorest (OR: 3.59; 95% CI: 3.44-3.75) CONCLUSION: Future public health efforts should focus on removing inter- and intra-state disparities in institutional delivery and ensuring at least four ANC visits for pregnant women, to meet the infant and maternal mortality targets set out in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG).

Risk Factors for Neonatal/Maternal Morbidity and Mortality in African American Women with Placental Abruption.

Background and Objectives: Risk factors for neonatal/maternal morbidity and mortality in placental abruption have been incompletely studied in the current literature. Most of the research overlooked the African American population as mostly Caucasian populations are selected. We aimed to find which risk factor influence the neonatal and maternal outcome in cases of placental abruption occurring in African American pregnant women in an inner-city urban setting. Materials and Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study at St. Joseph's Regional Medical Center, NJ United States of America (USA), between 1986 and 1996. Inclusion criteria were African American race, singleton pregnancy with gestational age over 20 weeks and placental abruption. Maternal age, gravidity, parity, gestational age at delivery/occurrence of placental abruption and mode of delivery were collected. Risk factors for placental abruption such as placenta previa, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, cigarette smoking, crack/cocaine and alcohol use, mechanical trauma, preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM), and premature rupture of membranes (PROM) were recorded. Poor neonatal outcome was considered when anyone of the following occurred: 1st and 5th minute Apgar score lower than 7, intrauterine fetal demise (IUFD), perinatal death, and neonatal arterial umbilical cord pH less than 7.15. Poor maternal outcome was considered if any of the following presented at delivery: hemorrhagic shock, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), hysterectomy, postpartum hemorrhage (PPH), maternal intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and maternal death. Results: A population of 271 singleton African American pregnant women was included in the study. Lower gestational age at delivery and cesarean section were statistically significantly correlated with poor neonatal outcomes (p = 0.018; p < 0.001; p = 0.015) in the univariate analysis; only lower gestational age at delivery remained significant in the multivariate analysis (p = < 0.001). Crack/cocaine use was statistically significantly associated with poor maternal outcome (p = 0.033) in the univariate analysis, while in the multivariate analysis, hemolysis, elevated enzymes, low platelet (HELLP) syndrome, crack/cocaine use and previous cesarean section resulted significantly associated with poor maternal outcome (p = 0.029, p = 0.017, p = 0.015, p = 0.047). PROM was associated with better neonatal outcome in the univariate analysis, and preeclampsia was associated with a better maternal outcome in the multivariate analysis. Conclusions: Lower gestational age at delivery is the most important risk factor for poor neonatal outcome in African American women with placental abruption. Poor maternal outcome correlated with HELLP syndrome, crack/cocaine use and previous cesarean section. More research in this understudied population is needed to establish reliable risk factors and coordinate preventive interventions.

Mortalidad materna: Hospital Profesor Alejandro Posadas, Buenos Aires. Evolución 2003-2015 / Maternal mortality. Hospital Profesor Alejandro Posadas, Buenos Aires. Evolution 2003-2015

Revisamos las historias clínicas de las mujeres cuyo fallecimiento fue notificado como muerte materna entre agosto de 2003 y diciembre de 2015 en nuestro hospital y calculamos índices, tendencias y años de vida potencialmente perdidos. La información aportada por los certificados de defunción fue exigua. Un total de 52 casos cumplía con los criterios de muerte materna. Dos fueron muertes "incidentales" y dejaron siete huérfanos: una fue causada por embolia grasa por inyección de siliconas en mamas post-cesárea y la otra fue consecuencia de un femicidio que incluyó al feto de 24 semanas. De las 50 muertes maternas restantes, 11 fueron tardías (> 42 días post-parto). Las otras 39 ocurrieron durante el embarazo, parto y puerperio (≤ 42 días): 20 tuvieron causas obstétricas directas, 18 causas indirectas, y la causa de la restante fue indeterminada. La causa más frecuente de muerte fue el aborto séptico. Las muertes maternas directas presentaron como antecedentes más del triple de cesáreas y el doble de gestas que las indirectas, y dejaron el doble de huérfanos. La muerte por placenta accreta tuvo relación directa significativa con el número de cesáreas. El índice de mortalidad materna total varió entre 25 y 150 (media: 72) por 100 000 recién nacidos vivos en el período, con tendencia ascendente. Los años de vida potencialmente perdidos fueron 1576. Se destaca la necesidad de mejorar el sistema de registro de defunción y reforzar las medidas de prevención y asistencia a fin de disminuir la mortalidad materna en el área de influencia del hospital.

We reviewed the medical records of women with maternal death reported from August 2003 to December 2015 in the Posadas Hospital (Buenos Aires Province, Argentina), and calculated indexes, trends and years of potential life lost. A total of 52 cases fulfilled the criteria of maternal death. The information provided by death certificates was meager. Two deaths were incidental: one occurred post-caesarean section and was caused by fat embolism following liquid silicone breast injection, and the other was the consequence of femicide which involved also the 24-week fetus. Of the remaining 50 cases, 11 were late deaths (> 42 days postpartum). In 39 women, death occurred during pregnancy, childbirth, or puerperium up to 42 days: 20 were due to direct obstetric causes, and 18 to indirect, non-obstetric causes, the cause of the remaining death was not determined. The most frequent cause was septic abortion. Direct maternal deaths had had more than twice pregnancies, thrice caesarean sections, and orphaned twice as children as indirect deaths. Death caused by placenta accreta was directly related to the number of previous caesarean sections. Throughout the period, maternal mortality index varied between 25 y 150 (mean: 72) per 100 000 live births with ascending trend and 1576 years of potential life were lost. The study exposes the need to improve the death registration system and, most importantly, strengthen prevention and assistance measures to reduce maternal mortality in the area of influence of our hospital.

Análisis Situacional de Muertes Maternas en Paraguay: alcances del 2008-2018 / Situational Analysis of Maternal Deaths in Paraguay: scopes from 2008 to 2018

Introducción: La mortalidad materna en Paraguay, como problema de salud pública e indicador que mide el acceso a la salud y el desarrollo de un país, refleja el déficit en los determinantes sociales y derechos humanos. El Ministerio de Salud Pública y Bienestar Social -MSPBS- ha ido ejecutando intervenciones costo-efectivas mediante la Movilización Nacional para la disminución de la mortalidad materna y neonatal -MNPDMMN-, mejorando los registros. Objetivo: Analizar la situación de las Muertes Maternas en Paraguay y los alcances del 2008 a 2018. Métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, transverso y retrospectivo, identificándose 1056 casos de muerte materna -MM- del 2008-2018, mediante la revisión de registros (SSIEV del MSPBS) con los códigos CIE-10: O00-O95, O98-O99 y A34, B20-B24. La información se tradujo en programa Excel de Microsoft Corporation™ versión 2007 y se analizó mediante Epi Info 7. Resultados: En Paraguay, el año 2008 registra 117,4 como Razón de Muerte Materna -RMM-; el 2014, 63,9 concordante al inicio de la MNPDMMN; el 2018, 70,8 (las metas del Objetivo de Desarrollo Sostenible 3 apuntan a reducir la RMM mundial a < 70 muertes maternas por 100.000 nacidos vivos), siendo el 74,7% (IC95% 63,6- 83,8) casos de MM directa. En el período 2008-2018, para el total de causas de MM: aborto (20,1%), complicaciones hemorrágicas (19,8%) trastornos hipertensivos (18,7%), sepsis (4,6%), SIDA (1,1%), tétanos obstétrico (0,3%), otras complicaciones perinatales (35,4%); y las causas principales de MM directas en el 2018 continúan siendo: aborto (20,3%), trastornos hipertensivos (20,3%) y hemorragias obstétricas (15,2%). En el período 2008-2018, para los grupos etarios: 20-29 años (40,7%), 30-39 años (37,0%), 10-19 años (13,3%) con tendencias anuales de altibajos. Conclusión: Se debe garantizar una atención calificada perinatal institucional y de planificación familiar, potenciando estrategias vitales como: trabajo con parteras empíricas, prevención del embarazo en la adolescencia y del aborto. Palabras clave: Mortalidad materna; Programas Nacionales de Salud; Estrategias vitales. Paraguay.

Introduction: Maternal mortality in Paraguay, as a public health problem, reflects the deficit in social determinants and human rights, being an indicator that measures the access to health and development of a country. The Ministerio de Salud Pública y Bienestar Social -MSPBShas been carrying out cost-effective interventions through the National Mobilization to reduce maternal and neonatal mortality -NMRMNM-, and to improve records. Objective: Analyze the situation of Maternal Deaths in Paraguay and the scope of 2008 to 2018 period. Methods: Observational, descriptive, transverse and retrospective study, identifying 1056 cases of maternal death -MD- in the 2008-2018 period, by reviewing records (SSIEV of the MSPBS) identified by ICD-10 codes: O00- O95, O98-O99 and A34, B20-B24. The information was translated into Excel program from Microsoft Corporation ™ 2007 version and analyzed using Epi Info 7. Results: In Paraguay, there is a Maternal Death Ratio - MDR- of 117.4 in 2008; in 2014, 63.9 according to the beginning of the NMRMNM; in 2018, 70.8 is recorded (the goals of Sustainable Development Goal 3 aim to reduce global MDR to < 70 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births), with 74.7% (95% CI 63.6-83.8) cases of direct MD. For the total causes of MD in the 2008-2018 period: abortion (20.1%), hemorrhagic complications (19.8%) hypertensive disorders (18.7%), sepsis (4.6%), AIDS (1.1%), obstetric tetanus (0.3%), other perinatal complications (35.4%); and the main causes of direct MD in 2018 continue to be: abortion (20.3%), hypertensive disorders (20.3%) and obstetric hemorrhages (15.2%). In the 2008-2018 period, for age groups: 20-29 years (40.7%), 30-39 years (37.0%), 10-19 years (13.3%) with annual rise or fall trends. Conclusion: Qualified institutional perinatal care and family planning should be guaranteed, promoting vital strategies such as: work with empirical midwives, prevention of adolescent pregnancy and abortion. Keywords: Maternal mortality ; National Health Programs; Vital strategies. Paraguay.

Mortality Synopsis Among Women of Reproductive Age Group in Nigeria: A Hospital-Based Study.

PURPOSE: Identification of health problems of women of reproductive age, using a reliable mortality data, is essential in evading preventable female deaths. This study aimed at investigating mortality profile of women of reproductive age group in Nigeria. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a descriptive, retrospective study involving women of reproductive age group of 15-49 years that died at DELSUTH from 1st January 2016 to 31st December 2018. The age, date of death and cause of death were retrieved from the hospital records and subsequently analyzed using SPSS version 21. RESULTS: One hundred and eighty-seven eligible deaths were encountered in this study, constituting 17.5% of all deaths in the hospital. Twenty four (12.8%) cases were of maternal etiology while 163 (87.2%) were of non-maternal causes. Non-communicable disease, communicable disease and external injuries accounted for 100 (53.5%), 44 (23.5%) and 19 (10.2%) deaths among the non-maternal causes. The mean age and the peak age group are 34.4 years and the 4th decade respectively. The leading specified non-maternal causes of death (in descending order) are AIDS/TB, cerebrovascular accidents (CVA), breast cancer, road traffic accident (RTA), diabetes, perioperative death and sepsis while the leading maternal causes of death are abortion, postpartum hemorrhage, eclampsia and puerperal sepsis. CONCLUSION: Most deaths affecting WRAG are preventable, with non-maternal causes in excess of maternal causes. There is need for holistic life-long interventional policies and strategies that will address the health need of these women, using evidence-based research findings.

Inpatient Maternal Mortality in the United States, 2002-2014.

BACKGROUND: Although prior studies of inpatient maternal mortality in the United States provide data on the overall rate and trend in inpatient maternal mortality, there are no published reports of maternal mortality data stratified by timing of its occurrence across the pregnancy continuum (antepartum, intrapartum, and postpartum). OBJECTIVE: The study objective was to determine whether the maternal mortality rate, trends over time, self-reported race/ethnicity, and associated factors vary based on the timing of the occurrence of death during pregnancy. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database to identify pregnancy-related inpatient stays stratified by timing. Among women in the sample, we determined in-hospital mortality and used International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes to identify comorbidities and behavioral characteristics associated with mortality, including alcohol, drug, and tobacco use. Joinpoint regression was used to calculate rates and trends of in-hospital maternal mortality. RESULTS: During the study period, there were 7,411 inpatient maternal mortalities among an estimated 58,742,179 hospitalizations of women 15-49 years of age. In-hospital maternal mortality rate stratified by race showed that African Americans died at significantly higher rates during antepartum, intrapartum, and postpartum periods compared to hospitalizations for Whites or Hispanics during the same time period. Although the postpartum hospitalization represents only 2% of pregnancy-related hospitalizations among women aged 15-49 years, hospitalization during this time period accounted for 27.2% of all maternal deaths during pregnancy-related hospitalization. DISCUSSION: Most in-hospital maternal mortalities occur after hospital discharge from child birth (postpartum period). Yet, the postpartum period continues to be the time period with the least maternal healthcare surveillance in the pregnancy continuum. African American women experience three times more in-hospital mortality when compared to their White counterparts.